The most important are the abo and rh systems, the mismatch of which can lead to major transfusion reactions, while several highprevalence or public antigens and lowprevalence or private antigens that are not associated with known systems or collections are also defined called minor blood groups. Together, they make up the eight main blood groups. The clinically significant minor blood antigens of the rh blood group system c, c, e, and e. The red cell membrane contains many anchored surface proteins and proteins that cross the lipid bilayer. The group o phenotype results from inactivation of the a1 glycosyltransferase gene, and the nonreducing ends of the. Aboincompatible red cell transfusion is often fatal and its prevention is the most important step in clinical transfusion practice. There are over 250 blood group antigens which belong to one of the 25 genetically independent blood group systems but only those with the most clinical relevance, abo and rh, will be described in this article. Normally, the distribution of abo blood group varies from one population to another. Blood group systems smart 2008 isbt science series wiley. Within the duffy blood group system, antigen frequency was 87. This data base will help us to prevent alloimmunisation. Individual blood group antigens vary in their antigenic potential.
In minor blood groups, the most commonly appearing phenotypes were le. Clinical guide to aboincompatible allogeneic stem cell. Blood types explained a, b, ab and o red cross blood. Abo blood group system the abo blood groups were the. Phenotype prevalence of blood group systems abo, rh, kell in voluntary. International society of blood transfusion has recently recognized 33 blood group systems. In 1961, allen and rosenfield proposed a numerical nomenclature. Langereis and junior, identified in 2012, and vel, discovered a year later. It is second only to abo in importance in blood transfusion and is well known as a primary cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn hdfn. Abo blood groups, antibody typing, blood group system, rhesus blood. Very few searches have been made for any other kinds of disease associations of the rh groups, and nearly all of these are confined to a comparison of the dpositive and dnegative types. The molecular basis of the abo blood group system was elucidated in 1990. Apart from these 26 blood group systems there are few more antigens which are not assigned to any blood group system. The rh blood group system connie westhoff t he rh blood group system is one of the most polymorphic and antigenic blood group systems.
What are the different human blood groups and types. Alloantibodies to the kidd jk system are an important cause of delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions see chapter 5. The term human blood group systems is defined by international society of blood. Each group can be either rhd positive or rhd negative, which means your blood group can be one of the eig. The four different blood groups in the abo system are a, b, ab and o.
This genomic region is critical to engraftment, prediction of clinical outcomes, and balancing the potential harm from graftversushost disease gvhd and the benefit from the graftversusleukemia effect. Every blood group system has gene or genes differ than the other systems. As in table 3, genotyping was not done, nine presumed phenotypes were found to be present in our population, the most common being. In many other studies, blood group o has been found. During the blood transfusion, the two most important group systems examined are the abo system and the rhesus system. Kell antik alloantibodies can cause hdfn and it is important to avoid transfusing k positive red cells to k negative girls and women of childbearing potential. Other blood group systems exist to date, researchers have identified around 300 minor blood groups. Rh blood group is assigned the prefix 004 each antigen assigned to the rh blood group is given a unique number to complete the six digit number. The o blood group is caused by a deletion of guanine258 near the nterminus of the protein which results in a frameshift and translation of an almost entirely different protein. This applies also to all the other blood group systems except the abo. Since the m antigen can be removed by enzyme, the reactivity of antim can be.
Pdf clinically significant minor blood group antigens amongst. Introduction to the rhesus blood group university of utah. Minor rh blood group antigen and kell antigen prevalence in abo blood groups in%. Collections a blood group system consists of one or more antigens, controlled by a single gene kell or by two rh or three mns very closely linked homologous genes. Hemolytic disease of the newborn ucsf benioff childrens.
Transfusion reaction centers for disease control and. Table of blood group systems international society of. The abo blood group system consists of 4 types of blood group a, b, ab, and o and is mainly based on the antigens and antibodies on red blood cells and in the plasma. To answer a question, click the button in front of your choice. Start studying chapter 8 blood group terminology and the other blood groups. Within the duffy blood group system, antigen frequency was fya 87. Blood group, classification of blood based on inherited differences in antigens on the surfaces of the red blood cells. The most wellknown classification, the abo blood group system, was developed by austrianborn american biologist karl landsteiner in 1901. System name system symbol gene names chromosomal location cd numbers 021 cromer crom cd55 1q32. A response will appear in the window below the question to let you know if you are correct.
Compatibility is determined through matching of different blood group systems, the most important of which are the abo and rh system, andor by directly testing for the presence of antibodies against the antigens in a sample of donor blood or other tissue. A rise in blood cholesterol may lead to a deposition of cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels. This section will cover the major blood group systems, some of the other. History of kidd blood group system jka was discovered in 1951 by allen. The mystery of human blood types science smithsonian. Blood types, blood group systems and transfusion rule. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. Clinically significant minor blood group antigens amongst. Apart from abo and rhesus system, many other types of antigens have been noticed on the red cell membranes. Lutheran and ok blood group systems have all been shown to interact. Since some antigens can trigger a patients immune system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood. Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Many of these surface proteins are polymorphic and carry the different blood groups.
This data base will help us to prevent alloimmunisation in young. Mns p familial blood group system found in few families kell. This, together with the discovery of other red cell group systems, has completely altered the significance of the term universal donor which is often applied to blood of group. In contrast to hla, mismatching of the abo blood group system is not an impediment to hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation hct. Blood typing systems other than abo bloodbook, blood. Alloantibodies produced by exposure to blood of a different group by transfusion or pregnancy can cause transfusion reactions, haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn hdfn or problems in selecting blood for. Many of these blood group antigens fall into one of 26 blood group systems. The genes of these blood group systems are autosomal, except xg and xk which are xborne, and mic2 which is present on both x and y chromosomes. Chapter 8 blood group terminology and the other blood.
The blood group antigen facts book, harcourt brace and company, 1997. There are now about 270 authenticated blood group antigens. Crossmatching is done by a certified laboratory technologist in a medical laboratory. Peter dadamo minor blood groups and other polymorphisms. E antigen 004003 advantage over rosenfield is that it is a purely numeric system, which is easier for data processing. A blood group system is a group of blood group antigens typically inherited from one gene but occasionally more than one. Basics of blood groups and antibodies transfusion guidelines. Clinically significant minor blood group antigens amongst north. Mild to severe cases of hemolytic disease of the new born have be reported. The relationship between blood groups and disease blood.
Mns blood group system m, n, s, and s were studied using diamed biorad laboratories, diamed switzerland gel cards. What is the name of the iron containing protein that gives red blood vessels their colour. While most blood group systems contain antigens that have similar structural features, such is not always the case. Hemolytic disease of the newborn introduction and definition. Which of the following are not components of blood. Hemolytic disease of the newborn hdn, also known as erythroblastosis fetalis, isoimmunization, or blood group incompatibility, occurs when fetal red blood cells rbcs, which possess an antigen that the mother lacks. Red cell immunogenetics and blood group terminology. But abo and rh are only a fraction of the 35 currently known blood group systems, many of which can cause serious reactions during transfusion. Partial d, weak d types, and novel rhd alleles among 33,864 multiethnic patients.
Blood group the importance of antigens and antibodies. Phenotype prevalence of blood group systems abo, rh, kell. A persons blood group is determined by a pair of genes, one gene inherited from each parent. What are blood group systems currently there are 345 blood group antigens. Characterisation of rh and other blood group systems.
Advances in research technologies in the past few years have made it possible to identify three new blood group systems. Blood units that have been antigen typed and matched for these minor antigens show expected in vivo survival rates and prevent adverse transfusion reactions. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. It has also been recognized that a potent antia or antib in donor blood of group o may destroy the a or b red cells of a nono recipient. The abo blood group evolved at least 20 million years ago, but scientists still dont understand the purpose of blood types. Blood group systems studied were rh, kidd, duffy, lewis.